DroneScout - Receiver Manual 230/240-series (https://download.bluemark.io/dronescout_sensor_manual_230.pdf)
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L0@P0: DroneScout Receiver Manual - version 2.7 July 2026 - © BlueMark Innovations BV 2022 - 2026
L1@P0: DroneScout - Receiver Manual
L2@P0: 230 and 240-series
L3@P0: July 2026 - version 2.7
L4@P0: The latest version of this manual is located here:
L5@P0: https://download.bluemark.io/ds230.pdf
L6@P0-1: 1/61DroneScout Receiver Manual - version 2.7 July 2026 - © BlueMark Innovations BV 2022 - 2026
L7@P1: Intended audience: system integrators
L8@P1: Disclaimer: we are not responsible or liable for errors or incomplete information in this
L9@P1: document.
L10@P1: Version history
L11@P1: version date description
L12@P1: 1.0 May 2022  Initial release
L13@P1: 1.1 November 2022  Added FCC information
L14@P1:  How to install a MQTT broker on the ds230
L15@P1: 1.2 December 2022  Added transmit_mode and aggregate_data options
L16@P1:  Improved update and reboot function
L17@P1: 1.3 January 2023  Describe how to solve DHCP issues in chroot mode
L18@P1:  Add typical RSSI values at 1 meter distance
L19@P1: 1.4 March 2023  Added transmit_mode 2 description
L20@P1: 1.5 June 2023  Added potential risks about transmit_mode 1
L21@P1:  Describe how to configure a static IP address in section 1.6
L22@P1: 1.6 September 2023  Added the ds240 received to the manual
L23@P1: 1.7 January 2024  Better description how to set a static IP address
L24@P1:  MQTT trouble shooting
L25@P1: 1.8 January 2024  Added section about antenna installation for the ds240
L26@P1: 1.9 June 2024  Update manual to with latest firmware and added more
L27@P1: antenna information.
L28@P1: 2.0 August 2024  updated a link
L29@P1:  improved description to set the IP address to static/fixed.
L30@P1: (Directly copy/paste of the commands in one block did not
L31@P1: work.)
L32@P1: 2.1 September 2024  Description of the new MQTT messages location and
L33@P1: network
L34@P1:  Added section about the new ADS-B 1090 MHz and UAT
L35@P1: 978 MHz receiver options
L36@P1:  Added a section about the benefits of bandpass filter
L37@P1: options in areas with nearby LTE base stations
L38@P1: 2.2 February 2025  Added section about manufacturer/model identification
L39@P1: with latest firmware
L40@P1:  Added section how system time can be set using the LTEadd-on (GPS) to allow offline operation.
L41@P1:  Added information about practical detection range
L42@P1: 2.3 June 2025  Minor changes to reflect the current firmware.
L43@P1:  Describe access using the serial console
L44@P1: 2.4 September 2025  Updated static IP address description for newer sensors
L45@P1: 2.5 January 2026  Updated documentation with firmware 20260123-1236
L46@P1: features: FR INFODRONE, ADS-B/UAT data reduction
L47@P1: options
L48@P1: 2.6 June 2026  Moved LTE and Reverse SSH configuration to
L49@P1: dronescout.conf
L50@P1:  Added second MQTT broker with latest firmware
L51@P1: 2.7 July 2026  Added new LTE band/operator configuration options:
L52@P1-2: 2/61DroneScout Receiver Manual - version 2.7 July 2026 - © BlueMark Innovations BV 2022 - 2026
L53@P2: band_effect, rrc_control, hplmn_search_minutes,
L54@P2: multi_operator, operators
L55@P2:  Added LTE trouble shooting section
L56@P2-3: 3/61DroneScout Receiver Manual - version 2.7 July 2026 - © BlueMark Innovations BV 2022 - 2026
L57@P3: Contents
L58@P3: 1 Introduction...................................................................................................................................................................5
L59@P3: 1.1 Audience...............................................................................................................................................................5
L60@P3: 1.2 Receiver.................................................................................................................................................................5
L61@P3: 1.3 DroneScout add-ons......................................................................................................................................10
L62@P3: 1.4 Installation.........................................................................................................................................................14
L63@P3: 1.5 Band pass filter specifications....................................................................................................................20
L64@P3: 1.6 Login....................................................................................................................................................................22
L65@P3: 1.7 Read-only file system.....................................................................................................................................23
L66@P3: 1.8 Change IP address of the sensor...............................................................................................................24
L67@P3: 1.9 Open Drone ID.................................................................................................................................................26
L68@P3: 1.10 Global architecture.........................................................................................................................................26
L69@P3: 1.11 Maximum detection range..........................................................................................................................26
L70@P3: 1.12 RSSI values at 1 meter distance.................................................................................................................29
L71@P3: 1.13 System time.......................................................................................................................................................29
L72@P3: 1.14 RemoteID manufacturer and model identification............................................................................30
L73@P3: 2 Configuration..............................................................................................................................................................31
L74@P3: root password..................................................................................................................................................31
L75@P3: dronescout.conf..............................................................................................................................................31
L76@P3: LTE settings.......................................................................................................................................................37
L77@P3: remote SSH login............................................................................................................................................38
L78@P3: wlan_channels.conf.......................................................................................................................................39
L79@P3: MQTT broker on the DroneScout receiver............................................................................................43
L80@P3: 3 MQTT messages.........................................................................................................................................................47
L81@P3: 4 MQTT subscriber (reference code)......................................................................................................................54
L82@P3: 5 Firmware update........................................................................................................................................................55
L83@P3: 6 Trouble shooting.......................................................................................................................................................56
L84@P3: LTE........................................................................................................................................................................57
L85@P3: MQTT...................................................................................................................................................................58
L86@P3: 7 Warranty........................................................................................................................................................................60
L87@P3: 8 More information.......................................................................................................................................................61
L88@P3-4: 4/61DroneScout Receiver Manual - version 2.7 July 2026 - © BlueMark Innovations BV 2022 - 2026
L89@P4: 1 INTRODUCTION
L90@P4: Thank you for purchasing and using DroneScout products!
L91@P4: The latest version of this user manual may be downloaded at the following link, where the most
L92@P4: up-to-date version will be found:
L93@P4: https://download.bluemark.io/ds230.pdf
L94@P4: (Direct/Broadcast) Remote Identification (Remote ID) adds “beacon” capability to drones to
L95@P4: broadcast basic information of airborne drones, such as the operator's registration number, drone
L96@P4: serial number and current position. The EU, USA and other regions have new rules that make
L97@P4: Remote ID mandatory for drones over 250 grams weight. The beacon information can be used by
L98@P4: general public, law enforcement and drones to give better situation awareness of the airspace
L99@P4: around them.
L100@P4: BlueMark Innovations BV offers Remote ID transponders and receivers. DroneBeacon is an add-on
L101@P4: (transponder) for drones which broadcasts Remote ID beacon signals. DroneScout is a receiver that
L102@P4: detects Remote ID signals of nearby drones up to several km distance (in open space). See
L103@P4: https://dronescout.co for more information about our products. We also sell a smaller RemoteID
L104@P4: receiver called DroneScout Bridge https://dronescout.co/bridge/
L105@P4: 1.1 Audience
L106@P4: This document is intended for system integrators that want to use the DroneScout 230 or
L107@P4: DroneScout 240 receiver in their own product. This product is not intended for end users!
L108@P4: 1.2 Receiver
L109@P4: The DroneScout receiver family consists of three models:
L110@P4:  ds230 - Cost-effective basic Remote ID receiver
L111@P4:  ds240 - Long Range Remote ID receiver, 3x more detection range compared to the ds230.
L112@P4:  ds240 barebone - Long Range Remote ID receiver (receiver only). No antennas, antenna cables
L113@P4: and surge protectors are provided.
L114@P4: ds230
L115@P4: The DroneScout ds230 receiver consists of an embedded system and several radio-interfaces to
L116@P4: collect remote ID signals.
L117@P4: Key specifications:
L118@P4:  Quad-Core Cortex-A53 ARM CPU 1.8 GHz
L119@P4:  2 GByte RAM
L120@P4:  8 GByte eMMC flash storage
L121@P4:  10/100M/1000M Ethernet interface
L122@P4:  Compliant with international standards
L123@P4:  EU ASD-STAN DIN EN 4709-002
L124@P4:  USA ASTM Remote ID Standard ASTM F3411-22a-RID-B
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L126@P5:  Other regions like Japan, Singapore, UK use similar standards as EU (EASA) and USA
L127@P5: (ASTM). The receiver detects those signals as well.
L128@P5:  1x Bluetooth (LE and BLE-Long Range) radio
L129@P5:  Sensitivity:
L130@P5:  BLE -97 dBm
L131@P5:  BLE Long Range -105 dBm
L132@P5:  2x triple-band WiFi radio: 2.4, 5.2 and 5.8 GHz
L133@P5:  Sensitivity:
L134@P5:  WiFi Beacon + WiFi NaN: -85 dBm
L135@P5:  PoE (Power over Ethernet): 802.3af/at
L136@P5:  connectivity and power
L137@P5:  Power consumption: < 5 W
L138@P5:  Outdoor enclosure IP67
L139@P5:  1x Bluetooth antenna connector (N-type)
L140@P5:  2x WiFi antenna connector (N-type)
L141@P5:  omni-directional antennas with 5 dBi gain
L142@P5:  Practical detection area: 80 km2 / 5 km radius, see also section 1.9. The actual detection area
L143@P5: can be bigger or smaller as it depends on the installation location, such as height, obstruction
L144@P5: of large buildings and nearby interferers (LTE base stations, urban areas with many WLAN
L145@P5: networks).
L146@P5:  Size: 27.2 x 27.6 x 9.6 cm (without antennas).
L147@P5:  Operating temperature: -20°C to +50°C
L148@P5:  Weight: around 1.4 kg (with mast mount 1.9 kg
L149@P5: ds240
L150@P5: The DroneScout ds240 receiver consists of an embedded system and several radio-interfaces to
L151@P5: collect remote ID signals.
L152@P5: Key specifications:
L153@P5:  Quad-Core Cortex-A53 ARM CPU 1.8 GHz
L154@P5:  2 GByte RAM
L155@P5:  8 GByte eMMC flash storage
L156@P5:  10/100M/1000M Ethernet interface
L157@P5:  Compliant with international standards
L158@P5:  EU ASD-STAN DIN EN 4709-002
L159@P5:  USA ASTM Remote ID Standard ASTM F3411-22a-RID-B
L160@P5:  Other regions like Japan, Singapore, UK use similar standards as EU (EASA) and USA
L161@P5: (ASTM). The receiver detects those signals as well.
L162@P5:  1x Bluetooth (LE and BLE-Long Range) radio
L163@P5:  Sensitivity:
L164@P5:  BLE -97 dBm
L165@P5:  BLE Long Range -105 dBm
L166@P5:  2x 2.4 GHz WiFi radio
L167@P5:  1x 5 GHz band WiFi radio
L168@P5:  Sensitivity:
L169@P5:  WiFi Beacon + WiFi NaN: -85 dBm
L170@P5:  PoE (Power over Ethernet): 802.3af/at
L171@P5:  connectivity and power
L172@P5:  Power consumption: < 5 W
L173@P5:  Outdoor enclosure IP67
L174@P5:  1x Bluetooth antenna connector (N-type)
L175@P5:  3x WiFi antenna connector (N-type)
L176@P5:  Antennas (the ds240 barebone receiver does not include these items):
L177@P5:  4x surge protectors 0 - 6 GHz
L178@P5-6: 6/61DroneScout Receiver Manual - version 2.7 July 2026 - © BlueMark Innovations BV 2022 - 2026
L179@P6:  3x 15 dBi omni-directional 2.4 GHz antenna: dimensions 1485*68 mm / 910 gram
L180@P6:  1x 15 dBi omni-directional 5 GHz antenna: dimensions 740*68 mm / 440 gram
L181@P6:  4x 100 cm N-connector antenna cables
L182@P6:  Practical detection area: 700 km2 / 15 km radius, see also section 1.9. The actual detection area
L183@P6: can be bigger or smaller as it depends on the installation location, such as height, obstruction
L184@P6: of large buildings and nearby interferers (LTE base stations, urban areas with many WLAN
L185@P6: networks).
L186@P6:  Size: 27.2 x 27.6 x 9.6 cm (without antennas).
L187@P6:  Operating temperature: -20°C to +50°C
L188@P6:  Weight: around 1.4 kg (with mast mount 1.9 kg (excluding antennas) Antennas, RF cables,
L189@P6: surge protectors are roughly 5 kg in total.
L190@P6: ds240 antenna patterns
L191@P6: 2.4 GHz (Bluetooth & 2.4 GHz WiFi )
L192@P6: Figure 1 - DroneScout 240 antenna pattern 2.4 GHz
L193@P6: 5 GHz
L194@P6: Figure 2 - DroneScout 240 antenna pattern 5 GHz
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L196@P7: FCC/CE compliance
L197@P7: The ds230/ds240 receivers have been evaluated and tested by
L198@P7: the Dutch lab EMCMCC for compliance with FCC and CE
L199@P7: regulation. The receivers can be used in Europe and the USA.
L200@P7: Contact us for more information.
L201@P7: Bluetooth scanning
L202@P7: The Bluetooth radio scans continuously for Bluetooth LE and Bluetooth LE Long-Range packets with
L203@P7: Remote ID payload.
L204@P7: WiFi scanning
L205@P7: Remote ID signals can be broadcast on several frequencies. This means that the WiFi radio interface
L206@P7: will hop every second to a new channel. If no Remote ID signals are detected, both radio interfaces
L207@P7: will keep sensing for Remote ID signals on all WiFi channels. If there is a Remote ID signal found,
L208@P7: radio 1 will keep hopping and scanning for new Remote ID signals. Radio 2 on the other hand will
L209@P7: permanently tune to the channel where a Remote ID signal has been found.
L210@P7: In case of multiple Remote ID signals and multiple WiFi channels, radio 2 will hop every second to
L211@P7: another channel where Remote ID signals have been found. If no Remote ID signals are found for 60
L212@P7: seconds, the channel will be removed from the list.
L213@P7: ds240 receiver
L214@P7: The ds240 receiver has a dedicated radio for 5 GHz signals. This means that both 2.4 GHz radio work
L215@P7: as above. In case a Remote ID signal is found in the 5 GHz, the 5 GHz antenna will dedicate 50% of
L216@P7: the time to tracking the 5 GHz signal and the other 50% scanning for new Remote ID signals.
L217@P7: Compared to the ds230, the ds240 has faster detection of Remote ID signals and has a 3x larger
L218@P7: detection range.
L219@P7: Remote ID can be broadcast in two WiFi formats: WiFi Beacon and WiFi NaN. WiFi NaN is also called
L220@P7: Wi-Fi Aware and those signals can only be found on WiFi channel 6 (2.4 GHz), 44 (5 GHz) and 149 (5
L221@P7: GHz). For this reason, these channels are more frequently scanned for Remote ID signals. WiFi
L222@P7: Beacon on the other hand is a format that is similar to the signals that a regular Access Point
L223@P7: transmits. Those Remote ID signals can be found on all WiFi channels.
L224@P7: There is a configuration file where you can specify which WiFi channels will be scanned. See the
L225@P7: next chapter for more details.
L226@P7: Antenna connectors
L227@P7: ds230
L228@P7: The ds230 uses 3 antennas. Below the N-connector there is a marking: ANT1/2/3/4
L229@P7: ANT 2 - WLAN 1
L230@P7: ANT 3 - WLAN 2
L231@P7: ANT 4 - Bluetooth
L232@P7: Newer ds230 receivers use the following scheme:
L233@P7: ANT 1 - WLAN 1
L234@P7: ANT 2 - WLAN 2
L235@P7: ANT 3 - Bluetooth
L236@P7-8: 8/61DroneScout Receiver Manual - version 2.7 July 2026 - © BlueMark Innovations BV 2022 - 2026
L237@P8: ds240
L238@P8: The ds240 uses 4 antennas. Below the N-connector there is a marking: ANT1/2/3/4
L239@P8: ANT 1 - WLAN 1 - 2.4 GHz
L240@P8: ANT 2 - WLAN 2 - 2.4 GHz
L241@P8: ANT 3 - WLAN 3 - 5 GHz
L242@P8: ANT 4 - Bluetooth
L243@P8: Figure 3 - DroneScout 230 receiver
L244@P8-9: 9/61DroneScout Receiver Manual - version 2.7 July 2026 - © BlueMark Innovations BV 2022 - 2026
L245@P9: Figure 4 - DroneScout 240 receiver
L246@P9: 1.3 DroneScout add-ons
L247@P9: DroneScout receivers provide several optional add-ons. See also https://dronescout.co/
L248@P9:  DroneScout SDK - If you want to use our DroneScout technology in your own sensor, use
L249@P9: DroneScout SDK. A radio-board and a Docker container that runs our firmware application
L250@P9: (x86_64 / ARM64).
L251@P9:  DroneScout Dashboard - DroneScout Dashboard is a dashboard installed on a DroneScout
L252@P9: receiver to visualize, store and export captured RemoteID signals. It designed for basic single
L253@P9: sensor deployments.
L254@P9:  LTE modem - DroneScout receivers can equipped with an LTE modem. The LTE modem can be
L255@P9: used for connectivity, but also the built-in GNSS (GPS) receiver allows to retrieve the position
L256@P9: of the sensor
L257@P9:  Band pass filter pack - In urban environments, the spectrum is heavily utilized. Strong signals
L258@P9: for instance from nearby LTE base stations limit the sensitivity. Adding these external filters,
L259@P9: will remove those nearby strong signals, improving the sensitivity. See also section 1.5.
L260@P9:  ADS-B receiver - RemoteID is used for drones, but there are other wireless number plate
L261@P9: technologies that identify aircraft. One of the is ADS-B 1090 MHz that is used by commercial
L262@P9: airplanes. This option adds an ADS-B receiver to receive those signals as well.
L263@P9:  UAT receiver - Besides ADS-B, in the USA (and some other countries) smaller aircraft (at lower
L264@P9: altitude) can also use UAT at 978 MHz. This option adds an UAT receiver to receive those
L265@P9: signals as well.
L266@P9:  ADS-L receiver - In Europe a ADS-B light technology has been introduced called ADS-L. Smaller
L267@P9: aircraft and drones can use this wireless number plate technology at 868 MHz. This option is
L268@P9: under development.
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L270@P10: ADS-B receiver
L271@P10: The ADS-B receiver add-on is an add-on that can be installed when purchasing a DroneScout
L272@P10: receiver or installed afterwards. It consists of:
L273@P10:  SDR USB dongle to decode ADS-B signals
L274@P10:  USB hub for installation purposes
L275@P10:  SMA to N cable to have an antenna N-connector at the outside of the enclosure
L276@P10:  100 cm N-cable
L277@P10:  Band pass filter with N-male and N-female connectors
L278@P10:  6 dBi antenna (61.5 cm 2 cm diameter, N-connector) + mounting kit
L279@P10: Figure 5 - ADS-B receiver add-on
L280@P10-11: 11/61DroneScout Receiver Manual - version 2.7 July 2026 - © BlueMark Innovations BV 2022 - 2026
L281@P11: Figure 6 - ADS-B band pass filter
L282@P11: Figure 7 - ADS-B band pass filter dimensions
L283@P11: UAT receiver
L284@P11: The UAT receiver add-on is an add-on that can be installed when purchasing a DroneScout receiver
L285@P11: or installed afterwards. It consists of:
L286@P11:  SDR USB dongle to decode UAT signals
L287@P11:  USB hub for installation purposes
L288@P11:  SMA to N cable to have an antenna N-connector at the outside of the enclosure
L289@P11:  100 cm N-cable
L290@P11:  Band pass filter with N-male and N-female connectors
L291@P11:  6 dBi antenna (61.5 cm 2 cm diameter, N-connector) + mounting kit
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L293@P12: Figure 8 - UAT receiver add-on
L294@P12: Figure 9 - UAT band pass filter
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L296@P13: Figure 10 - UAT band pass filter dimensions
L297@P13: 1.4 Installation
L298@P13: Open the cover of the DroneScout receiver and inspect the inside components for detached parts
L299@P13: or cables due transportation shocks/vibrations.
L300@P13: Summary
L301@P13:  Install the receiver to a wall or pole mast using the included mast mount.
L302@P13:  ds230: connect/screw the 3 antennas to the antenna connectors on the enclosure.
L303@P13:  ds240: see ds240 mast mounting section
L304@P13:  Powering up the receiver without antennas may damage the Bluetooth and WiFi radios.
L305@P13:  Removing or attaching antennas when the receiver is powered up, will damage the
L306@P13: Bluetooth and WiFi radios.
L307@P13:  The small antenna is 5 GHz, connect it to ANT3 connector!
L308@P13:  Connect the receiver to Ethernet and for outdoor installations make sure this connection is
L309@P13: waterproof (by using the included waterproof accessories). This Ethernet cable needs to have
L310@P13: power (PoE 802.3af/at) and also connectivity. The receiver acts as a DHCP client in the network.
L311@P13: Location - The receiver detects remote ID signals from all directions, it is omnidirectional. For
L312@P13: installation, it is therefore important not to install receivers near the border of the detection area,
L313@P13: but instead in the center. It also depends a bit on the situation. If you have nearby WiFi networks,
L314@P13: you don’t want the receiver nearby it, as (busy) WiFi networks will reduce the detection range.
L315@P13: Basically, install the receiver away from areas where there are signals in the 2.4/5 GHz band or large
L316@P13: nearby objects (house) that can block detection of signals/drones from that direction.
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L318@P14: Figure 11 - install the receiver in the center of the detection area.
L319@P14: Figure 12 - use multiple receivers to cover the detection area in case the detection area is not square, or circle shape.
L320@P14: Construction materials - Construction materials (wood, concrete) attenuate wireless signals. This
L321@P14: means that the detection area is reduced, if a receiver is installed behind or in such an object. This is
L322@P14: especially true for the 5 GHz band. Also, it may introduce blind spots in the detection area where a
L323@P14: drone is not detected. Installing multiple receivers is a solution to avoid blind spots.
L324@P14: 15/61
L325@P14: Detection area Detection area
L326@P14-15: Detection areaDroneScout Receiver Manual - version 2.7 July 2026 - © BlueMark Innovations BV 2022 - 2026
L327@P15: For optimal performance install the receiver in open space, not surrounded by nearby objects. As a
L328@P15: reference please find below a table describing the RF attenuation by various construction materials.
L329@P15: For instance, if a drone is detected in the 5 GHz band with a 114 mm wooden fence between
L330@P15: receiver and drone, the signal strength is 13 dB less compared to no fence. Also, moist air will limit
L331@P15: range, because the 2.4 GHz is the frequency where water molecules resonate. Hence, this is why it is
L332@P15: a free ISM band. See also the section Urban versus Rural detection range.
L333@P15: Material and thickness 2.4 GHz 5 GHz
L334@P15: Red brick (hollow), 89 mm 5 15
L335@P15: Window glass (uncoated), 6 mm 1 1
L336@P15: Plasterboard, 13 mm 1 0
L337@P15: Wood dry, 114 mm 7 13
L338@P15: Plywood dry, 13 mm 1 0
L339@P15: Bricks (concrete, hollow), 203 mm 11 15
L340@P15: Concrete (C8 mix), 203 mm 35 56
L341@P15: Reinforcing steel mesh (19 mm Ø, 70-mm-grid) 10 3
L342@P15: Reinforced concrete (C8, 19 mm Ø, 70-mm-grid) 37 58
L343@P15: Table 1: RF attenuation by various construction materials. (source c't 9/2021, page 139 using data from William C. Stone,
L344@P15: Electromagnetic Signal Attenuation in Construction Materials, 1997)
L345@P15: Height - Preferred installation height is 2 to 40 meters. Installation lower, near the ground, will
L346@P15: reduce the detection area as objects in the detection area will block wireless signals more. Installing
L347@P15: the receiver higher on the other hand will increase the detection area, but may prevent detecting
L348@P15: remote ID signals very nearby.
L349@P15: Angle - The receiver has omnidirectional antennas. Install the receiver with zero angle (vertical
L350@P15: plane). This means that the receiver should looks straight ahead. Not down or up under an angle.
L351@P15: Power - The receiver needs power and is powered via Power over Ethernet (PoE), 802.11af. Connect
L352@P15: the Ethernet port of the receiver to an PoE capable switch/router to have both power and
L353@P15: connectivity.
L354@P15: Connectivity - Connect the Ethernet port of the receiver to your router. The receiver needs Ethernet
L355@P15: to upload data to the MQTT broker. It can also be used for management purposes. The network
L356@P15: name is the serial number that is printed on back of the receiver (dsxxxxxxxxxxxx) e.g.
L357@P15: ds220300000101.
L358@P15: Urban versus Rural detection range
L359@P15: The detection range of the ds230 and ds240 receivers are limited by noise. Normally, there is
L360@P15: thermal noise. Electronics, air have a temperature that introduces noise in the system. This is the so
L361@P15: called Johnson–Nyquist noise https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson%E2%80%93Nyquist_noise
L362@P15: This means also that in cooler areas, the detection range is slightly improved due to lower noise
L363@P15: levels. RemoteID signals needs a minimum Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR). Signals above the SNR are
L364@P15: received. In urban environments, there are a lot of nearby Wi-Fi networks in the 2.4 GHz and other
L365@P15: electronic equipment installed that emit low levels of noise. This man-made noise is in urban areas
L366@P15: much higher than the thermal noise. This will be the limiting factor for the detection range. It could
L367@P15: be that in dense urban areas, the detection range is severely limited to 2 km or less. This is a known
L368@P15: fact when radio-communications are deployed. Also, moist air will limit range, because the 2.4 GHz
L369@P15: is the frequency where water molecules resonate. Hence, this is why it is a free ISM band.
L370@P15-16: 16/61DroneScout Receiver Manual - version 2.7 July 2026 - © BlueMark Innovations BV 2022 - 2026
L371@P16: Real-life field deployment experiences confirm the same. The range of the ds230/ds240 can be
L372@P16: severely limited in dense urban areas to less than 1.5 km detection range when the 2.4 GHz is full of
L373@P16: WLAN networks. In quiet rural areas, the detection range is up to 18 km for the ds240 (real
L374@P16: measurements). Sporadic RemoteID detections can be up to 30 km. Placing the sensor outside
L375@P16: urban areas and directional antennas could be a solution to reduce the number of sensors. Also big
L376@P16: metal objects (bridges, towers) can influence the detection range, because metal reflects radio
L377@P16: signals and on the other hand block signals behind such object. Finally, also nearby LTE base
L378@P16: stations can saturate the RF front-end (make the WLAN/Bluetooth radios deaf), reducing the
L379@P16: detection range significantly. See the next section for more information.
L380@P16: Selectivity and the use of external band pass filters
